What are the two types of performance-enhancing substances (PES) mentioned?

The correct identification of the two types of performance-enhancing substances rests on a clear understanding of substances commonly associated with enhancing athletic performance. Hormones, particularly anabolic steroids and growth hormones, have been widely studied and recognized for their ability to promote muscle growth, improve recovery times, and enhance overall athletic performance. These substances can alter the physiology of the body in significant ways, leading to improved performance metrics like strength and endurance.

Dietary supplements, on the other hand, encompass a broad range of products that can include vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and herbal products, some of which are designed to support athletic performance. Certain dietary supplements, such as creatine or branched-chain amino acids, are often taken by athletes to enhance performance, endurance, and recovery.

The verification of these two categories as performance-enhancing substances highlights the intersection of sports nutrition and pharmacology, showcasing how various approaches—from synthetic hormones to natural supplements—can be utilized to achieve performance goals. This understanding is essential in both a practical and ethical context, as it also involves navigating the regulations surrounding the use of these substances in sports.